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Grammar Point
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Use / Explanation
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Example
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Spanish Translation
|
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Present Simple
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Routines, habits
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I usually walk to school.
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Suelo ir caminando al colegio.
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Present Continuous
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Actions happening now or near future
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She is reading a book.
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Ella está leyendo un libro.
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Past Simple
|
Completed actions in the past
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They visited Paris last year.
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Ellos visitaron París el año pasado.
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Past Continuous
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Background actions in the past
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I was watching TV when he called.
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Estaba viendo la tele cuando llamó.
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Present Perfect
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Experiences or actions with relevance now
|
I have visited London twice.
|
He visitado Londres dos veces.
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Present Perfect Continuous
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Actions started in past & still continuing
|
I have been studying English for 2 years.
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He estado estudiando inglés durante 2 años.
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Future – will
|
Predictions, spontaneous decisions
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I’ll help you.
|
Te ayudaré.
|
|
Future – going to
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Plans / intentions
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I’m going to travel next week.
|
Voy a viajar la próxima semana.
|
|
Future – Present Continuous
|
Arrangements
|
I’m meeting her tomorrow.
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Me voy a encontrar con ella mañana.
|
|
Can / Could
|
Ability
|
I can swim. / She could read at 5.
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Puedo nadar. / Ella podía leer a los 5.
|
|
Must / Have to
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Obligation
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You must wear a helmet.
|
Debes llevar casco.
|
|
Should / Ought to
|
Advice
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You should see a doctor.
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Deberías ver a un médico.
|
|
May / Might / Could
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Possibility
|
It may rain tomorrow.
|
Puede que llueva mañana.
|
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Zero Conditional
|
Facts / general truths
|
If you heat water, it boils.
|
Si calientas agua, hierve.
|
|
First Conditional
|
Real future possibilities
|
If it rains, I’ll stay home.
|
Si llueve, me quedaré en casa.
|
|
Second Conditional
|
Hypothetical situations
|
If I won the lottery, I would travel.
|
Si ganara la lotería, viajaría.
|
|
Passive Voice
|
Emphasise action over doer
|
The book was written by JK Rowling.
|
El libro fue escrito por JK Rowling.
|
|
Reported Speech – Statements
|
Reporting what someone said
|
He said that he was tired.
|
Él dijo que estaba cansado.
|
|
Reported Speech – Questions
|
Reporting questions
|
She asked me where I lived.
|
Ella me preguntó dónde vivía.
|
|
Relative Clauses
|
Describe people, things, places
|
The man who called is my uncle.
|
El hombre que llamó es mi tío.
|
|
Comparatives / Superlatives
|
Compare things
|
This book is bigger. / She is the smartest.
|
Este libro es más grande. / Ella es la más
lista.
|
|
Articles – a / an / the
|
Definite / indefinite
|
I saw a cat. / The cat was black.
|
Vi un gato. / El gato era negro.
|
|
Quantifiers
|
Amounts
|
Some people, many books
|
Algunas personas, muchos libros
|
|
Pronouns
|
Subject / Object / Reflexive
|
He likes her. / I did it myself.
|
Él la quiere. / Lo hice yo mismo.
|
|
Prepositions
|
Time / Place / Movement
|
at 5pm, in London, go to school
|
a las 5, en Londres, ir al colegio
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Phrasal Verbs
|
Common verbs + particles
|
give up, look after, run out of
|
rendirse, cuidar de, quedarse sin
|
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Linking Words
|
Connect ideas
|
because, although, however, therefore
|
porque, aunque, sin embargo, por lo tanto
|
